Building has two
parts, namely:
1.
Substructure:
the part buried in the ground (foundation);
2.
Superstructure:
the part above the ground (house, workshop, etc)
FOUNDATION is the part of a building which is in direct contact with the ground. Foundation carries the weight (load) of the building.
Foundations are
designed to carry three types of load (pressure), namely:
a.
the weight of the
building structure;
b.
the weight of goods
(e.g. furniture, tv, freezer, water tank) and human beings in the building; and
c.
wind loads –
particularly storms.
Functions
of foundations
·
A foundation provides the
stability against the undermining, souring flood water and the burrowing
animals.
·
They transfer the non-uniform
load of the superstructure evenly to the sub soil hence it minimize the
differential settlement
·
The foundation helps to spread
the load of the building evenly over a larger area at a uniform rate so that
the load coming over the foundation soil does not exceed the safe bearing
capacity.
·
Foundations provide safety
against land slide.
·
It provides a level surface
for the construction of the superstructure.
Types of foundations
1.
Strip
foundation: this foundation
looks like an inverted letter ‘T’. The concrete is spread in the trench at even
depth/height. It is the most commonly used type of foundation.
2.
Pad
foundation: this foundation
can be either shallow or deep. Shallow pad foundations are used where the loads
imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface
of the floor. But where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is
insufficient to support loads imposed, deep pad foundation is used.
3.
Raft
foundation: this foundation is
formed by reinforced concrete slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire
footprint of a building. It is used in loamy or water logged areas. Some rafts
foundations may not require deep trenches like strip and pad foundations.
Most bridges have pile foundations |
4.
Pile
foundation: this is a deep
foundation. Pile foundations are
formed by long, slender, columnar elements often made from steel or reinforced concrete
and sometimes timber. The piles are commonly driven into the soil trough weak,
compressible strata of water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible and
stiffer soil or rock mass. Most bridges are made using pile foundations.
*NOTE: the type of
foundation to be used depends on the nature of the soil at the building site
and the weight (load) to be carried by the foundation.
SOIL
Soil is the uppermost part of the
earth crust in which plants grow.
Soil exists in two layers, namely:
top soil or vegetable top soil, and subsoil.
Vegetable top soil may
vary in depth down to 300 mm.
Below the vegetable top soil is the subsoil.
The top soil cannot withstand heavy
load, hence it is always removed before foundation trenches are made.
In building construction, excavation
is the digging and removal of the soil to prepare trenches for constructing
foundations. Excavation can be done manually or by the use of machines.
TYPES OF SOILS FOR BUILDING PURPOSES
1.
NON-COHESIVE SOIL
2.
COHESIVE SOIL
3.
ORGANIC SOIL
4.
MADE GROUND
MATERIALS FOR MAKING FOUNDATIONS
1.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
2.
CEMENT
3.
AGGREGATE
4.
WATER
5.
MORTAR
EXERCISES:
1.
What are the two
parts of a building?
2.
What is foundation?
3.
What are the three
main types of load foundations carry?
4.
Sketch and name the
four types of foundation.
5.
What is soil?
6.
What are the
differences between vegetable top soil and subsoil?
7.
Why is top soil
removed before foundation trenches are made?
8.
What is excavation?
9.
What are the
characteristics of the four types of building soil?
10.
What are the
differences in the load bearing capacity of the four types of building soil?
HOMEWORK
1.
What are four
common materials for constructing building walls?
2.
What is the full
meaning of DPC?
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